Rhetorical Analysis Of The Birth Control Solution By...

Liana Curley Ms. Cook Eng102 #20792 19 Sep 2017 Paper 1: Rhetorical Analysis Essay - Rough Draft The world population is only growing. The U.N. predicts that from today’s 7.5 billion we will reach 9.3 billion by the year 2050. (World Population Prospects n.p) In New York Times author Nicholas Kristof’s article, The Birth Control Solution, Kristof attempts to promote family planning as a solution to many of the world’s problems. He will do this by giving examples that an out of control global population causes poverty, conflict, and environmental damage; and that family planning would be a cost effective solution. Kristof first lets us know how dire the situation is with worldwide population only growing upward at an unstoppable pace.†¦show more content†¦He uses Afghanistan and Yemen as examples. While hard to prove, increased population means increased casualties in war no doubt. His next answer is that overpopulation causes more poverty. While he gives no specific example of this in his article, it is not hard to fathom that resources will become more limited for the poor to afford if we continue down the path of overpopulation. Lastly, Kristof believes booming populations will cause massive environmental catastrophes. Particularly, Kristof mentions overpopulation will â€Å"make it impossible to protect virgin forests or fend off climate change.† He is right, with more people more trees will be cut down to make space for homes and extra lumber. Kristof ‘s most important solution to the overpopulation pandemic is worldwide access to contraceptives. He notes that some countries still have lackluster access to contraceptives, â€Å"In rural Africa, I’ve come across women who have never heard of birth control.† (Kristof A31) With this statement, he lets us know that he has personally seen the problems of undersized population control regulation and that he is an authority on the issue. â€Å"What’s needed isn’t just birth control pills or IUDs. It’s also girl’s education and women’s rights. (Kristof A31) † Kristof’s logic in this is that educated women have fewer children. He gives no evidence for this however, it is not difficult to come to the conclusion that if more women would know about the risks

Sexuality And Gender Identification A Perspective Point...

This analysis the focal point regarding the readings focuses around sexuality and gender identification. First, in Chapter twenty-two, Kaja Silverman clarifies both Freud and Lacan’s theories from a perspective point of view. Additionally, in Chapter Twenty-eight, Jacqueline Rose highlights identification of sexuality and feminism. Finally, the article conducted by, Keith Reader, explains different ways to exemplify â€Å"self† identification in regards to gender identity. Beginning with Chapter Twenty-two Silverman elaborates Lacan’s theory regarding semiotic linguistics and anthropology. In Chapter Twenty-two Silverman examines the delivery of Jacques Lacan’s theories, which mirror those of Freud. Lacan extends the works of Freud, â€Å"retaliating the works of Saussure and Levi-Strauss† (Silverman, 1999). Furthermore, Silverman utilizes the â€Å"Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis†, to describe Lacan’s seminars and writin gs. The male and female were one body, in the beginning. Because of the power of these bodies, Zeus separated the bodies, and in doing so created turmoil of separation, and created a void of confusion. The article then explains that Zeus felt sorry for the bodies and turned their privates around, enabling them to rejoin temporarily. Also, Silverman implies that the inclusion of this story is, â€Å"because it contains a number of critical Lacanian assumptions. One of these assumptions is that the human subject derives from an original whole which is divided inShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Queer Theory On Post Secondary Sport Teams1397 Words   |  6 Pagesof Queer Theory On Post-Secondary Sport Teams Shayna Stoymenoff SDS378 Instructor: David Pereira February 29, 2016 The issue of sexuality in sports is highly complex and controversial. 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Leadership and Supervision Majors †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Supervision Majors. Answer: Introduction Change is inevitable for any organization looking forward to growth, efficiency, innovation, and more general success. To meet the goals, targets, and expectations in a corporation, there is a need for development and implementation of new ideas (Bolaji, 2011). Change is an enhanced interlocking between an organization and the setting in which it is evolving as well as a more effective and efficient working methods (Freeman McVea, 2014).To effectively implement change in an organization, it should be one that can be embraced by the majority of the corporation community. Richardson Timber Product Corporation needs a positive change by all means to realize a significant growth. The purpose of this report is to analyze the issues in B. R. Richardson Timber Product Corporation and how they have affected the organization. Also, it is purposed to suggest probable measures to be undertaken to cope with the challenges. The report evaluates the situation of Richardson Timber Product Corporation and critically analyzes the corporation operation and management issues. The analysis is drawn from the responses provided by the organization employees and observations during a visit to the company. Technology is an ever-growing process. Technological developments in an organization increase the aspirations and expectations of employees, investors, customers, competitors and other stakeholders of the corporation (AkinsayaMomoh, 2012). It also develops the concept of competition with other producers and suppliers. Embracing modern means of communication is very vital in conveying information among the organization's management, employees, consumers, and suppliers. Richardson Timber experiences communication issues among the management and employees. Juanita reiterates that information concerning the flow of cash in the organization is a weak spot of Joes administration. Some members' supervision regarding their performance is poor leading to sloppy work. An example is Nita misbidding because Sue did not get the bid back to a customer. Another instance is when Sue ran out of invoice papers which meant that they had to scamper around to look for a solution. Therefore, it is the res ponsibility of the management to keep pace with the growing technology to maximize the opportunities for success (Patrick, 2010). Richardson Timber ought to embrace modern information technologies to improve consumer satisfaction and employee performance. Poor corporate social responsibility The relationship between an organization and the public plays a significant role in its success. A corporation is obliged to develop and maintain a functional association with the society in which it is established (Beverungen Case, 2011).The company and the people around need each other equally (Beverungen, Dunne Hoedemaekers, 2013). The organization is meant to serve the community satisfactorily and contribute significantly to the growth of the society. Richardson Timber has a poor reputation in the community. The lousy relationship is as a result of increased matters of turnover, accidents, and fatality. For instance, Fuller was hit by a beam and was off for seven weeks. He was replaced. The organization has failed to create a propitious environment for workers. The glue section is overcrowded making movement around difficult. There are band saws without guarding which can cause accidents. Furthermore, workers use helmets of poor quality which endangers their safety. Therefore, the management should ensure that they put safety measures in their operation right from cutting trees, transportation, and processing to manage accidents and death. Employees are essential elements of a corporation. When the management and the workers share the same values goals and attitudes, it becomes easy for an organization to meet its objectives (BjerregaardLauring, 2013). Maintaining mutual relation between managers and workers boosts morale improving performance (Benrazavi Silong, 2013). Employees ought to feel they are in charge of their work and can perform their duties at their convenience. Some workers at Richardson Timber tend to be unhappy. Employees overwork and have no enough time for their families and leisure which causes unrest at work. They have a softball team, but some are frustrated because they cannot always play for they work into the late evening. Additionally, the management does not care about the worker's conditions and welfare. The employees are expected to work regardless of the prevailing circumstances. For instance, one worker was hurt and died, but the other employees were supposed to work with their colleague dead. Workforce diversity Workforce diversification dimensions mainly consist of age and gender. It affects an organization in several ways. It can be a source of creativity, cost advantage, marketing, conflict resolution, resource acquisition, and system flexibility (Engelen, 2011). Most of the workers at Richardson Timer Product Corporation are youngsters. They do not take their work seriously and are not very responsible. They take off whenever they feel it leading to an increase in employee turnover in the organization. Eventually, the companys performance is altered and its reputation diminished. Richardson Timber should balance its employees regarding age to bring in some more experienced workers. Their experience will not only be vital to the company's performance but also a role model to the youngsters (Diab Ajlouni, 2015). Incorporating employees of diversified ages and gender will help the organization in innovation and conflict resolution management among employees. Richardson Timber Product Corporation needs change for the organization to stabilize and cope with the challenges discussed above. The following models of organizational change management can be applied. Corporations are made up of systems which consist of four critical variables. These are structure, goal, technology, and players. In this model, structure involves communication, authority, responsibility, and work relations. Technology includes the total techniques and instruments used in striving towards the organizations objectives. Goals are considered as the rationale which supports the corporations existence and function. Players are the employees. These variables are inter-related such that when one is modified, change is realized on the others (Danish, Ramzan Ahmad, 2013). Richardson Timber Product Corporation ought to look into its structure, technology, goals, and players. Basing on the issues in the organization, a modification is needed in all the variables to realize the required change. The management needs to reevaluate its structure, that is, responsibility, communication, authority and their work relations (Ghorbanhosseini, 2012). Employees who are the players in this model should be provided with better and safe working conditions. Kurt Lewin argues that change occur when the forces which support the stability behavior of a system are modified. The situation of a given scheme at a given time is a result of interactive forces - those that maintain the status quo and those that try to modify it (Hafeez Akbar, 2015). When the two balances, then the organization is in a state of quasi-stationary equilibrium. This analytical model consists of three stages: unfreeze, transition and refreeze. This phase involves minimizing the forces which sustain the behavior of an organization at a particular level. This step can be realized by introduction of information which depicts the presence of an absolute distinction between the conditions expected by the workers and the current behavior. This phase is about modifying corporations behavior with the aim of progressing to another level of its plans. New attitudes and values are developed by changing the organizational processes and structures. The corporations management implements the changes required to meet the set goals in the system (Mhaskar, 2010). The employees are given time to adjust and accept the new values and attitudes introduced in the organization. At this stage, the implemented changes are reinforced to bring about stability in the organization. The reinforcement can be accomplished by converting the new behaviors into policies to bar introduction of more alternatives. Organizational norms, policies, culture, and structures are the main pillars which aid in supporting the implementation of refreezing phase. 7 - Stage Model This model was suggested by American authors; Jeanne Watson, Bruce Westley and Ronald Lippitt and it is a development of Kurt Lewins theory. The seven stages of this model are as follows: Existence and increasing of a need for change this step corresponds to the Lewin's unfreezing phase. This is the point when an organization identifies the challenges it is facing and develops a necessity to solve them. Setting an outline of relations attached to change in this phase, the relationship between the organization and the agents of change is established. The management initiates a scheme to try solving the issues identified. Analyzing the corporations concerns the issues in the organization are diagnosed to device appropriate measures in coping with them. Probing the alternative methods and goals targets and intentions for actions of change of the system are set. Converting aims into real efforts to change at this stage, the set measures are put into action steered towards the realization of needed change. Stabilizing change this stage corresponds to the refreezing phase in Lewins model. Modifications are implemented and reinforced to bring the change required. Defining the final relationship between the corporation and the change agents the organization assesses the progress of change. Conclusion Before modification is introduced, an organization is supposed to evaluate whether there is a need for change. The conditions in the corporation should be analyzed and a credible scheme that suits its needs developed. Also, it is vital to ensure that all the stakeholders are considered for significant modification to be successfully implemented. It is clear that there are a variety of factors which may trigger a change in a company. Various theories on organizational change management ought to be applied to corporations that need change. These models can be employed by the Richardson Timber Product Corporation to stabilize. Planning is crucial in implementing change process in an organization. Therefore, a corporation has to adopt the best model to modify its structure by creating an outline that is essential to the company. This framework provides guidelines which steer the company towards meeting the set objectives and intentions. Recommendations Various recommendations can be made based on the study. First and foremost, Richardson Timber Corporation should embrace modern information technology. The management must keep pace with the growing technology to maximize the opportunities for success. Computers can be used in the organization to serve various purposes such as financial analysis, documentations, and communication. Additionally, employees working conditions should be improved. The safety of workers ought to be given priority since they are the leading players in the production process. They have to be provided with quality helmets and ensure that equipment such as band saws have guards to avoid injuries. Also, Richardson Timber should empower its employees to make them feel to be part of the organization. Empowerment can be achieved through the provision of non-monetary benefits such as taking them to educational workshops, providing lunch at work and pension. Furthermore, more employees should be employed to reduce workload and minimize unrest at work. With enough workers, they can work in shifts to avoid overworking which is leads to accidents. References Akinsaya, A. O. Momoh, A. M. (2012).University Organizational Communication Climate and Management of Industrial Conflict. JORIND 10 (2)., pp. 171-174. Benrazavi, S. R. Silong A. D. (2013). Employees job satisfaction and its influence on willingness to work in teams. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 14 (1), pp. 127-140. Beverungen, A., Case, P. (2011). Editorial introduction: where is business ethics?. Business Ethics: A European Review Volume 20 Beverungen, A., Dunne, S. Hoedemaekers, C. (2013).The financialisation of Business ethics. Business Ethics: A European Review. Volume 22., Number 1. Bjerregaard, T. Lauring, J. (2013). Managing contradictions of corporate social responsibility: the sustainability of diversity in a frontrunner firm. Business Ethics: A European Review Volume 22 Number 2. Bolaji, A. B. (2011). Problems and prospects of corporate social responsibility in national development.Continental Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 2, No. 2., pp. 19-25. Retrieved Oct. 4, 2017 from https://www.wiloludjournal.com/ojs/index.php/cjsd/article/viewArticle/578 Danish, R. Q., Ramzan, S. Ahmad, F. (2013).Effect of perceived organizational support and work environment on organizational commitment; Mediating role of self-monitoring advances in Economics and Business., 1 (4)., pp. 312-317. Diab, S. M. Ajlouni, M. T., (2015).The influence of training on employee's performance, organizational commitment and quality of medical services at Jordanian private hospitals. Engelen, B. (2011). Beyond markets and states: the importance of communities. UNESCO, Blackwell Publishing Oxford., pp. 489-500. Freeman, R. E. McVea, J. (2014).A Stakeholder Approach to Strategic Management. Darden Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Virginia. Working Paper No. 01-02. Ghorbanhosseini, M., (2012).Analysis of team working on organizational commitment in Safa Industrial Group in Iran. International Journal of Engineering and Science, 1 (3), pp. 22 -25. Hafeez, U. Akbar W., (2015).Impact of training on employees performance.(Evidence from pharmaceutical companies in Karachi Pakistan). Business Management and Strategy, 6 (1), pp. 49-64.International Journal of Business and Management., 10 (2), pp. 117-127. Mhaskar, A. A. (2010). Differences in interpersonal skills between engineering and organizational leadership and supervision majors.College of Technology Directed Projects.Paper 25.Retrieved Oct. 4, 2017 from https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/techdirproj/25. Patrick H. A. (2010). Organization culture and its impact on diversity openness in the information technology organizational context. Dimensions, 1(1), pp. 67-72.

Micro Unknown Lab Report Essay Example

Micro Unknown Lab Report Paper The rationale of performing these tests was to distinguish six different microbes room one another and to compare how their metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species to determine the unknown sample. The tests included: Triple sugar iron agar (TSAR), the Sulfide Indolent Mobility (SIMI) test, Glucose fermentation, the Methyl Red test, the Vogues-Prosperous test, Citrate test, the Areas Test, and finally the Gelatin test. The microbes that were tested during this lab were: Escherichia coli, Entertainer arrogates, Kielbasa pneumonia, Protest miracles, Pseudopodia organisms, and Salmonella typographic. The sample labeled #11 could have been any of the six microbes. A gram stain was performed to assess the shape and other characteristics of the bacteria, and to ensure that there was no gram positive contamination. Gram positive cells have a thick outer pedagogical layer that traps the crystal violet-iodine complex more than gram negative cells. As a result, they are less vulnerable to the De-colonization step with alcohol making them appear purple in color, while the gram bacteria negative appear pink. Triple sugar iron agar slant tests for multiple things: sugar fermentation of glucose, lactose, and sucrose, and the production carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. The gases are easy to identify. If any carbon dioxide is produced cracks or bubbles appear inside of the medium, and sometimes enough CO is produced to push the slant up towards the top, this will be reported as +g. We will write a custom essay sample on Micro Unknown Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Micro Unknown Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Micro Unknown Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The HAS is identified by how the gas reacts with an iron compound and makes the agar turn black. There are two possible types of sugar reactions that take place in the areas of the butt and the slant of the medium. The outcome of sugar metabolism will be acid production, so the pH indicator phenol red will turn yellow, and be reported as A. If there is no sugar diabolism, or alkaline by-products are made, will cause the indicator to stay the same color red, and reported as a K. THIS medium is prepared as a shallow agar with a deep butt, providing for both an aerobic and anaerobic environment. A THIS medium must be checked within about 12 hours to see if it ferments glucose, and again after 24 hours to see if it ferments lactose and sucrose. If the slant returns to being red and the butt is still yellow after this time period, the organism ferments glucose but not the other sugars. If it is completely yellow after the time interval, this indicates that the organism ferments all here sugars. SIMI Medium is used as differential test of microorganisms on the basis of hydrogen sulfide production, indolent production, and motility. The Sulfur reduction test is useful in differentiating enteric organisms, the Indolent test is used for differentiating the Interchangeable, and the Motility test is useful for testing a wide variety of organisms (condonable. Com). Casein is rich in thyrotrophic which is reduced and produces indolent by the enzyme transparency. Ferric ammonium sulfate is the indicator for HAS production. Once the medium was done incubating Kvass reagent was added to the tube. If the sample was positive the reagent would have a color change to red, if the reagent remained clear, a negative result was reported. Glucose fermentation uses Phenol Red Broth as differential test medium typically used to differentiate based on the color change of the pH indicator. Phenol red turns yellow below a pH of 6. 8, pink above a pH of 7. 4, and remains red in between. A Durham tube is used to collect any gas that may be produced, and is reported as (+g) if a bubble appears on the inside and (-) if the organism cannot ferment the glucose and no bubble is trapped inside the tube. If the broth turns yellow, it means that acid was produced and reported as A. If the organism can break down the amino acids be De-animation and ammonia is produced, this will raise the pH level turning it pink. This alkaline result was reported as K. The Methyl Red test is a differential test for bacterial respiration used to differentiate strains of chloroform bacteria capable of performing mixed acid fermentation that will lower the pH despite the phosphate buffer (http://faculty. Deanna. FDA. Due). Mixed acid fermentation is confirmed by using methyl red as an indicator. It is red ant pH 4. And below, allow at pH 6. 2 and above, and orange in between. Red is a positive result reported as (+), yellow is a negative result reported as and orange is negative or inconclusive. The Vogues-Prosperous test to detect organisms that are able to ferment glucose, but convert the products to action and 2,3-butadiene. This is deduced by the addition of Reagent A and Reagent B, and the observation of the color change thereafter. Reagent A is a solution of -naphtha and alc ohol. Reagent A catalysts the conversion of action to dedicate. Dedicate teens react with guanidine-containing compounds from the potent to form a red color in he presence of -naphtha. Reagent B is a solution of potassium hydroxide and water. It absorbs CO in the medium and acts as an oxidation agent, cataloging the reaction that converts action to dedicate (Dalton. Com). After the UP reagents have been added, a red color is observed, this is a positive result reported as if a copper color develops, the result is negative and reported as Citrate test uses Simmons citrate agar to see if the organism is able to utilize citrate as a carbon source. Only bacteria that possess the enzyme citrate-permeate can transport citrate inside the cell so it can be converted into private. Simmons citrate agar utilizes sodium citrate as its only carbon source and ammonium phosphate as the nitrogen source. The pH indicator biorhythms blue dye is green at a pH of 6. 9 and blue at pH of 7. 6. Bacteria that can survive on the agar and utilize the citrate, alkaline the agar by breaking down the ammonium phosphate to ammonia and ammonium hydroxide, both increase the PH. Any change to a blue color is a positive result reported as (+), and if there is no change and the agar remains green the result is negative and reported as (-). The Urea hydrolysis is catcalled by the enzyme areas. Areas catalysts the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia using water. A urea broth is used that contains yeast extract as its only nutrient source, buffers to inhibit localization of the medium, and phenol red as a pH indicator. Phenol red in this solution will be yellow or orange bellow pH 8. And pink above, to show any increase in PH. A pink color in the both indicates a positive result and reported as and an orange or yellow appearance the result is negative and reported as G). The Gelatin test is used to see if the microbe produces the enzyme gelatins. Gelatin is a protein made from collagen, made from animal connective tissue. Gelatins is an extracurricular proteolysis enzyme that aids in the breakdown of protein into amino acids (Harsh 244). Gelatin is used as the medium, which can liquid at room temperature but solidifies at about ICC. Since the gelatins enzyme can be quite slow, an incubation time o one week is needed. A positive test result will be reported if the sample remains a liquid after it is placed in the cold room, and a negative result will be reported if it re-solidifies. Experimental Proceed rest: The tests performed provided key information about the unknown bacteria and how it carries out its metabolic functions. The visualization of bacteria at the microscopic level is made possible by the use of various stains, which react with elements present in some cells but not others. The Gram stain was utilized in this procedure in four essential steps: apply the primary stain crystal violet, fix with iodine, decolonize with 95% ethyl alcohol to wash out the crystal violet-iodine complex, and the counter-stain Safaris was added. THIS medium was inoculated using an inoculating needle by stabbing the agar through the butt, and then the addle was pulled out and a streak was made up the slant. The THIS medium was incubated at ICC and checked after 18 and 24 hours for a change in color. ITS contains the three carbohydrates glucose, sucrose, and lactose. The medium also contains animal and yeast extract, and peptides as the sources of nitrogen, vitamins and minerals, and ferrous ammonium sulfate as the indicator for HAS. Phenol red is the pH indicator. (macromolecular. Org) The SIMI medium contains casein digest and animal digest to provide peptides to provide nutrients, vitamins, and minerals that are essential for growth. The SIMI medium was inoculated by stabbing the medium with an inoculating needle, and incubated at ICC for 24 to 48 hours. Once the medium was done incubating Kvass reagent was added to the tube to check for indolent production. Phenol Red Broth, used for glucose fermentation, contains potent, phenol red (a pH indicator), a Durham tube, and glucose. The broth is inoculated with the inoculating loop, and incubated at ICC for 48 hours. The Methyl Red broth contains potent, glucose, and a phosphate buffer. The broth is inoculated with the inoculating loop, and incubated at ICC for 48 hours. Once the sample is done incubating, a 1. 0 ml aliquot is taken and three drops of the Methyl red indicator is added. The results of a red color can be observed immediately if it is positive, otherwise it is a negative result. The Vogues-Prosperous broth contains potent, glucose, and a phosphate buffer just as in the MR.. Broth. The broth is inoculated with the inoculating loop, and incubated at ICC for 48 hours. Once the sample is done incubating, a 1. 0 ml aliquot is taken and 15 drops of Reagent A is added along with 5 drops of Reagent B. The result is monitored at ten minute intervals for 1 hour. The results of a red color can be observed if it is positive, otherwise it is a negative result if there is no color change. The Citrate test was lightly inoculated using an inoculating needle by streaking the slants with the unknown, incubated at ICC for 48 hours, and read for a color change. The Urea hydrolysis uses Rusticating and Stuart broth that contains yeast extract, monobasic potassium phosphate, adiabatic potassium phosphate, urea, and phenol red. The broth was heavily inoculated with the inoculating loop and incubated at ICC for 24 hours. The Gelatin test uses gelatin agar that also contains beef extract and potent. The medium is stab inoculated with an inoculating needle and incubated at ICC for up to 7 days. The sample is then placed in the cold room to check for re- solidification. Results: The gram stain procedure showed to be all gram negative pink, straight rods. They had no particular arrangement or clustering. TSAR SIMI test Glucose fermentation The Methyl Red test The Vogues-Prosperous test Citrate test The Areas Test Gelatin test Conclusion: Entertainer arrogates Material Methods Gram negative cells have a thinner pedagogical layer and a lipid membrane external to the cell wall

Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essays

Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essays Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essay Two Nation Theory of Subcontinent Essay Essay Topic: Girl in Translation Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Uncle Toms Children â€Å"One lesson I have learnt from the history of Muslims. At critical moments in their history it is Islam that has saved Muslims and not vice versa. † (Sir Muhammad Iqbal) Why Ideology of Pakistan is Important: Today the world community comprises of more than 180 countries. Pakistan appeared on the world map in August 1947, and became the first Islamic ideological state of the modern times. Unlike the non-ideological states, it was not established due to any geographical conflict or territorial domination by a group of people. If the ideology of such a state like Pakistan is dead then its existence can be questioned.Therefore, Pakistan can’t exist if there is no more ideology of Pakistan. Pakistan is an ideological state†¦established in the name of the Islam. But on the 31st of December 1971, this land of ours, lost its east wing. And East Pakistan emerged on the world map as Bangladesh. The then prime minister of India Ms. Indra Gandhi claimed that the birth of Bangladesh is the death of the two-nation theory†¦ If, as said, the ideology of Pakistan came to an end in 1971, then the objective behind the creation of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan would have come to an end too.Purpose of Pakistan The breakup of the country in 1971 raised cynical eyebrows about national identity and gave rise to the theory of sub-nationalities on the basis of race, religion and language. Thus questions are being asked about the very existence of Pakistan. The debate about the motivating force behind the making of Pakistan has been one endless exercise. Was there any need of Pakistan at all? Is this just another Muslim state like many others? Was creation of Pakistan a conspiracy of the British and/or of Muslim League?Was it to retrieve the ancient glory of the Islamic era, or to find a base for the reconstruction of Islamic thought and the resurgence and re-adaptation of its message to our day and age? Was Pakistan created accidentally? Was the sacrific e of thousands of Muslims in 1947 useless? Should Pakistan and India be merged together to form â€Å"Akhand Bharat† to restore peace in the Sub-continent? What is Two Nation Theory? Two-Nation theory is the basis of creation of Pakistan. It states thatMuslims and Hindus are two separate nations from every definition; therefore Muslims should have a separate homeland in the Muslim majority areas of India, where they can spend their lives according to the glorious teachings of Islam. If Muslims of the sub-continent comprise an Islamic nation then they have the right to have separate homeland as Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (in his address to the annual session of Muslim League) mentioned and I quote: â€Å"History has presented to us many examples, such as the Union of Great Britain and Ireland, of Czechoslovakia and Poland.History has also shown to us many geographical tracts, much smaller than the sub-continent of India, which otherwise might have been called one country, but which have been divided into as many seven or eight sovereign states. Like-wise, the Portuguese and the Spanish stand divided in the Iberian Peninsula. † The Definition Of Nation The significance and reality of Pakistan has not been fully understood in the west. To the west, nationality based on religion is an alien and often-incomprehensible phenomenon.This is because religion in the West has come to play such a restricted role. In the West, Germans and French are accepted as two separate nations. However, the fact of Hindus and Muslims in India representing two separate cultural entities is seldom appreciated. A young French student may visit a family in Germany, share their meals, may attend the same church and even marry a girl in the family without creating a scandal or surprise. But such instances of intermarriage have been extremely rare in the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent.Even some of the most ardent Indian Nationalist has found the idea totally unacceptable. As Sir Abdur Rahim o bserved: â€Å"Any of us Indian Muslims traveling for instances in Afghanistan, Persia and Central Asia among Chinese Muslims, Arabs and Turks, would at once be made at home and would not find anything to which we are not accustomed. On the contrary, in India we find ourselves in all social matters total aliens when we cross the street and enter that part of the town where our Hindu fellow townsmen live. † Is Two Nation Theory A New ConceptA point generally raised by the opponent of the two-nation theory is that Pakistan was created accidentally and that the intellect of most of the Muslims at that time was overpowered by emotions. Moreover, that this phenomenon emerged in the early decade of the 20th century. But, what the history reveals is something different. Two-Nation theory was not at all as new phenomenon. History of Two Nation Theory Mahatma Gandhi, speaking in the second session of the Round table conference in London in 1931, said that the quarrel between Hindus an d Muslims was ‘coreview with the British advent’ in India.It would be difficult to maintain such a position historically because the conflict between Hindus and Muslims had started long before the emergence of the British power in India. The phenomenon of Two-Nation theory originated with the advent of Islam in the Sub-Continent (712AD). According to Jinnah, â€Å"The concept of two nation theory originated the day, the first Hindu converted to Muslim. † The partition of India was proposed more than seven hundred years prior to the Lahore resolution.In 1192 AD, on the eve of battle of Tarian, according to famous historian Farishta, Sultan Muizz-ud-Din had suggested to his rival, Pirthviraj, the partition of India, leaving the region of Sirhind, Punjab and Multan with Sultan and retaining the rest of India for himself. This proposal cropped up again after 150 years, when Al-Beruni pointed out the existence of the two big groups of people subscribing to two differe nt religions. â€Å"This (the religious difference) renders any connection with them† says Beruni, â€Å"quite impossible and constitutes the widest of gulf between them and us (Hindu and Muslims). |Perhaps Emperor Aurengzeb (1658-1707) was responsible for increasing Hindu Muslim tensions by trying to Islamize the Mughal | |government. Several Muslim historians have actually glorified Aurengzeb for making Muslims conscious of their separate religious | |and ideological identity. It is also true that Maratha and Sikh leaders raised their banner of revolt against Aurangzeb because | |in trying to organize his government on Islamic lines, the emperor was acting against their interest.Sir Jaduanath Sarkar’s | |observation on the role of Shivaji, the Maratha leader, is revealing: | |â€Å"Shivaji has shown that the tree of Hinduism is not really dead. That it can rise from beneath the seemingly crushing load of | |centuries of political bondage, exclusion from the adminis tration, and legal repression; it can put forth new leaves and branches| |it can again lift its head up to the skies† | |After Aurangzeb’s death, Muslim power started disintegrating.Muslims were so alarmed by the growing power of the Hindus under | |Maratha leadership that even a Sufi scholar like Shah Walliullha (1703-81) was moved into writing a letter to the Afghan King | |Shah Walliullah. He wrote: | |â€Å"In short, the Muslim community is in a pitiable condition. All control of the machinery of government is in the hands of Hindus,| |because they are the only people who are capable and industrious.Wealth and prosperity are concentrated in their hands; while | |the share of Muslims is nothing but poverty and misery†¦ At this time you are the only King who is powerful, far-sighted, and | |capable of defeating the enemy forces. Certainly it is incumbent upon you to march to India, destroy the Maratha domination and | |rescue weak and old Muslims from the clutch es of Non-Muslims. If, God forbid, domination by infidels continues, Muslims will | |forget Islam and within a short time become such a nation that there will be nothing left distinguish them from non-Muslims. | |This letter by Shah Walliullah to a foreign Muslim against the local Non-Muslims again reflects that Muslims living in any part | |of the world are the part of one Muslim Nation. | |The Two Nations | |Although the Hindus and Muslims had been living together for centuries in the Indian sub-continent, yet there had never been | |either any signs of merger of the Hindu and Muslims societies, or any serious attempt to develop a working relationship between | |the two major ethnic groups.The two have always remained as two distinct social systems, two separate and distinct cultures and | |last but not the least, two different civilizations. | |In fact, Hindu fanaticism has always been against those who do not belong to them and against all outsiders, whom they consider | |maleec h or unclean. So they are against having any connection with such people, what to speak of inter-marriage, a Hindu is often| |forbidden eat or drink or to even shake hand with a Muslim or for that matter with a person belonging to any other faith or | |religion.In short the Hindu customs and their hatred for Muslims was the main factor against developing a working relationship | |between the two major societies. | |Lala Lajpat Rai, a very astute politician and staunch Hindu Mahasabhite, in his letter to Mr. C. R. Das, which was written 12 or | |15 years prior to Pakistan Resolution, wrote: | |â€Å"There is one point more which has been troubling me very much of late and one which I want you to think (about) carefully, and | |that is the question of Hindu Mohammedan unity.I have devoted most of my time during the last six months to the study of Muslim | |history and Muslim law, and I am inclined to think it is neither possible nor practicable. Assuming and admitting the sincerity | |of Mohammedan leaders in the non-cooperation movement, I think their religion provides an effective bar to anything of that kind†¦| |And nothing would relieve more than to be convinced that it is so. But if it is right, then it comes to this, that although we | |can unite against the British, we cannot do so to rule Hindustan on British lines.We cannot do so to rule Hindustan on | |democratic lines. † | |[pic] |[pic] | Muhammad Ali Jinnah, (in his address to the annual session of Muslim League) mentioned: â€Å"It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism.They are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different social orders. It is a dream that the Hindu and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality; and this misconception of one Indian nation has gone far beyond the limits, and is the cause of most of our troubles, and will lead India to destruction, if we fail to r evise our notions in time. The Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literature.They neither intermarry, nor interline together and indeed they belong to two different civilizations, which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Musalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, their heroes are different, and they have different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other, and likewise, their victories and defeats overlap.To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and the final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state. † Is Pakistan a Conspiracy of British And/Or Jinnah For the congress, the establishment of Pakistan was a cr uel blow to their claim of being a nationalist organization. It meant that Muslims did not trust the Hindus as a majority community to be just and generous towards Muslims interests and culture.This explains why congress leaders have often tended to attribute the creation of Pakistan almost entirely to the British policy of ‘divide and rule’. However, a closer look at the history after the establishment of the British rule in India will reveal that the Hindus were much closer to the British government than the Muslims. The Hindus, who were fed up with the Muslim rule, welcomed the British rule over India. This state of affairs resulted in the patronage of the Hindus by the British and suspicion and distrust against the Muslims of the sub-continent.The Hindus were economically better off than the Muslims. The events of 1857 further diminished the prospects of economic growth of the Muslim community in the sub-continent. From 1857 onwards, when the British had taken compl ete control of the Indian Administration, they elevated the Hindu community to the status of landlords, gave the Hindus proprietary rights and provided them the opportunity to accumulate the wealth which should have otherwise gone to the Muslims who were at the helm of affairs. Hindus were given more jobs in the government and military compared to Muslims.Lets now look see whether the establishment of Pakistan in 1947 as the largest Muslim state was a conspiracy of Jinnah. Muhammad Ali Jinnah remained an active member of the Indian National Congress for about 25 years, and because of his personal efforts to bring about a rapprochement between Hindus and Muslims was even hailed as the ‘Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity’. As long as effective power in India was in the hands of the British, it appeared as if a true nationalism was growing in that country.However, with the introduction of representative institutions and the devolution of political authority, the Hindus start ed showing their true colors by imposing their superiority over the Muslim minority, as a result of which a struggle between Hindus and Muslims ensued. Jinnah was greatly disappointed by these movements by the congress leaders and so he resigned from the Congress. The behavior of the Congress leader changed his mind and realized him that the Congress is a Hindu Congress. Another popular view regards Pakistan as no more than a personal triumph of the brilliant strategy and will power of Quaid-e-Azam| |Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Some have even gone so far as to suggest that had Jinnah died earlier, there would not have been any | |Pakistan. It is true that Jinnah’s great role was a highly important contributing factor; but without intense religious zeal for | |an Islamic state on the part of Muslim masses, Jinnah could not have achieved Pakistan.Khilafat leaders like Maulana Muhammad | |Ali and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and poets like Hali, Akbar Allahabdi and Iqbal were mainly respons ible for making Muslims | |conscious of their separate national and cultural identity. Thus, when the message of Pakistan was presented to the masses, it | |fell on fertile soil. Jinnah, who did not know Urdu, could not have achieved Pakistan without able and zealous lieutenants and | |without the vision of an Islamic state as an inspiring stimulant.One may even go so far as to say that the Muslim League, led | |largely by the middle-class Muslim Leaders, would have probably come to some sort of compromise on the issue of Pakistan had they| |not been swept off their feet by the intense Islamic fervor of the masses and the astounding success that the Muslim League | |achieved during the elections of 1945-46. It has been reported that the Quaid-e-Azam himself never expected to see Pakistan in | |his lifetime. |Congress leaders tried to challenge the two-nation theory by pointing out that a large number of Muslims in India were | |descendants of Hindu forebears who had converted to Isl am. They also argued that there was hardly any cultural difference between| |Hindus and Muslims in the rural areas where the vast majority of both communities lived. But these arguments could not alter the | |fact that a change in one’s religion from Hinduism to Islam in the Indian context not merely implied a change in one’s religion, | |but also a significant change in man’s social and cultural status.The new convert became the member of an egalitarian social and| |cultural force in large parts of India. Particularly in the North Western part of India, which constitutes Pakistan today, the | |dominant culture that emerged was clearly Islam. | |From Bande Mataram to Pakistan | |The first provincial elections under the 1935 Act were held in 1937, as a result of these elections, the congress was invited to | |form ministries in seven provinces.The attitude of the congress government towards the Muslims was very cruel, and it opened the| |eyes of Muslims to the im pending danger. The hostile attitude of Congress government towards the Muslims was by itself a proof of| |Hindus being a separate Nation. The experience of living under Congress rule was one major factor which shook the Muslims from | |their political slumber and made them instantly conscious of their distinct national identity. | |Let’s consider the example of â€Å"Bande Mataram†. The Bande Mataram was adopted as the national anthem in the Congress Governed | |provinces.Muslim children were compelled to sing this anthem, which the Quaid described as â€Å"Idolatrous and worse a hymn of | |hatred for Muslims. † | |The song â€Å"Bande Mataram† is from an old Bengali novel, Anand Math, written by Bankim Chandra Chattrji. It tells the story of a | |secret religio-political society of Hindus plotting the overthrow of the Muslim power in Bengal in the 18th century. The new | |recruits to the secret society recited the Bande Mataram as a vow. A new recruit, Mohendra, was led by the leader, Bhavananda, to| |the temple of Anand Math to have darshan of the Mother.In the first chamber Mohendra was greeted by a massive four-armed Vishnu,| |flanked by the idols of Lakshami and Arawati, and a lonely image sitting on his lap. Bhavanda pointing to the lady on the lap of | |Lord Vishnu told Mohendra that she is the Mother and we are her children. The next chamber was decorated with the image of | |Jagatdhari, another deity who was explained, as â€Å"The mother was first like this†, the next camber where ten-armed Durga was | |presiding, attended by Lakshami and Sarawati.Bhavanda explained: â€Å"This is what the Mother will be like†¦ when the enemy has been | |crushed under her feet†. Mohendra was overcome with religious fervor and chanted these lines of Bande Mataram to be confirmed as | |a member of the anti-Muslim secret society: | |[pic] |[pic] | Thou art Durga with ten arms: | |And thou art Lakshmi, the lotus ranging; | |And thou art Vani that Givweth knowledge; | |I salute thee | |The Congress Government went to such an extent as to replace Urdu by Hindi, banning of Cow slaughter and even celebrating | |Gandhi’s Birthday officially and compelling the students Hindus and non-Hindus to worship the picture of Mahatma Gandhi. | |From the above very brief but factual analysis of the relationship which had developed between the two major Communities of India| |i. e; the Hindus and the Muslims, it should no longer be a questionable proposition as to why the Muslims insisted on the | |partition of India and having a separate Homeland for the Muslims. | |The Tragedy of 1971 | |The separation of East Pakistan was no doubt the biggest tragedy in the history of Pakistan.However, it should not be regarded | |as death of Two Nation Theory. First of all Bangladesh, though no more a part of Pakistan but still is neither a Hindu state nor | |a secular state rather is a Muslim State. The elite of West Pakist an were not able to understand the real situation in East | |Pakistan and they absolutely failed to tackle it. In spite of all these mistakes by the government, the involvement of the | |foreign hand in separation of East Pakistan, is a solid reality. Those who cry today upon the â€Å"cross-border† terrorism in Kashmir| |(in spite of the fact that there is no international border in Kashmir) have totally forgotten the hands and faces behind the | |Muktibahini.The way the Bangla youth was brain washed by Hindu teachers and scholars is an open secret. The fact is that not | |much literature was available in the Bangla language about Islam, neither any translation of Iqbal nor of Moududi. On the other | |hand Robinder Nath Tegore and Chander Mukr Ji were very popular. | |The Muslim Bangladesh though no more a part of Pakistan is independent from the fright of Hindu domination. | |Ms. Indra Gandhi’s statement about the creation of Bangladesh, was by itself a proof of the existence of the Two-Nation Theory. | |She claimed that today ‘we’ have taken the revenge of the â€Å"1000’s years slavery†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ but in 1971 Pakistan was just 24 years old!!! | |Then what was she referring to by mentioning the 1000 years? Definitely she was talking about the era when Muslims ruled India. | |This means Pakistan didn’t emerge neither with the advent of British to India, nor is a result of â€Å"Divide and Conquer†, nor is a | |conspiracy of the Muslim League, nor is a symbol of nationalism based on territory. Pakistan-based on the Two-Nation theory | |existed long before August 47 in the heart of every Muslim of the Sub-Continent, who wanted the revival of the Muslim Ummah. | |[pic] |[pic] | Two Nation Theory At PresentKeeping in view the above discussion in light of facts and figures from history, it can be claimed that theTwo Nation Theory is a reality even today. Unfortunately, the Hindu community of the sub-continent has never accepted this reality from the very beginning and they still want to convert the Indo-Pak sub-continent to Maha Bharat. They want all non-Hindus to change their faith to Hinduism. The top leadership of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently ruling India, has not only publicly denounced the two-nation theory but has also declared that it does not accept the partition of the Sub-Continent in 1947 which was based on this theory. On the same analogy, the BJP claims that Kashmir is an integral part of India.The BJP also advises the Muslims in India that they must stop looking towards Makkah and Medina as they can live only by accepting Hindutva. The BJP government, in order to assimilate the Muslim population in India with the Hindu majority, also intends to amend Muslim personal laws. A movement has also been launched in India, with the blessing of the BJP government, that all the Indians, irrespective of their religious beliefs, should call themselves Hindus, as th ey are the citizens of â€Å"Hindustan†. The non-Hindus in India, particularly the Muslims, are also being advised that by adopting the Hindu faith they may ensure for themselves an honorable place in the country.It may be recalled that Madhav Sadarish Golwalker, the head of the RSS, whom the Indian Prime Minister, Atal Behari Vajpayee, considers his ‘soul and mentor’, in his book entitled â€Å"WE: our own nationhood defined†, while branding the Muslims of India as ‘enemies’ belonging to foreign races, recommended that ‘the foreign races in Hindustan’ must either adopt Hindu culture and language, must entertain no idea but those of the glorification of the Hindu race and culture, i. e; of the Hindu nation, must lose their separate existence to merge in the Hindu race, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu race, claiming nothing, deserving no privilege, far less any preferential treatment – not even c itizen’s right.The enormous difficulties, which the Muslims are encountering for the protection of their religious beliefs and for the restitution of their political, economic and other rights in the so-called secular but Hindu-dominated India, bear testimony to the political acumen and far sightedness of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah who so rightly had perceived the establishment of a separate state for the Muslims of the Sub-Continent to save them from unfair treatment by the Hindu Majority. Many opponents of the Two-Nation theory, base their arguments on the fact that India at present has a Muslim community, which is larger in population than the Muslim population in Pakistan.Therefore, according to the Two-Nation theory, Pakistan’s border should be opened to all of them, and in case this is not done then the creation of Pakistan was a selfish act of the Muslims living in the areas comprising Pakistan today, since, it has changed Muslims in India to an even small er minority. First of all opening the borders of Pakistan to all the Muslims is a misinterpretation of the Two-Nation theory, and is simply not applicable. Pakistan was created to have a fortress for the Muslim Ummah. All the Muslim leaders had it very much clear in their mind that all the Muslims would never be the citizens of Pakistan. Many of them became the citizens of India, after 1947, but had struggled for the creation of Pakistan, throughout their lives. Pakistan movement in the Hindu majority provinces was much stronger than in the Hindu minority areas. What does all this reveal?Pakistan is much more than a piece of land. They never struggled for a piece of land to name it Pakistan; they had struggled for the Ideology named Pakistan. The Muslim leaders of the sub-continent struggled for Pakistan on the same guidelines as the Islamic state of Medina Munawara. Many Muslims migrated along with the Prophet (Salalaho Allehe Wa Aalehi Wasalam) to Medina Munawara, however many of them were left in Makkah. Those who had migrated along the Prophet (Salalaho Allehe Wa Aalehi Wasalam) and those who were the citizens of Medina, lived peacefully. While those who were left in Makkah were subjected to the cruelties of the Kaffar in Makkah. Was this unfair with them?It would have been unfair if the people of Medina had not participated in Badar, Uhed and Khandeq and rather would have opted for celebrating â€Å"Basant in Pakistan† at the same time when the people from Pakistan had been sold in Tora Bora†. In that case it would have been unfair†¦ but this certainly does not mean that establishment of â€Å"Medina† was an unfair decision rather it meant that those elements should be subjected to accountability which turn â€Å"jihad till Fatah-e-Makkah† to â€Å"Basant Bahar – the part of our culture†. The condition of the Indian Muslims after fifty-five years reveals the truth of the so-called Indian secularism. The Muslim s in India are still getting a raw deal in every sphere of life. They are still living in the curse of poverty and backwardness. And above all they are still fighting the threats to their religious and cultural identity.The sense of insecurity experienced by the Indian Muslims in the post partition period has been compounded in recent years. In terms of numbers, the Muslims are only next to the Hindus, totaling 95. 2 million (1991 census) and constituting about 12 percent of the population. Yet they are considered by the Hindus even less important than the Jains and Buddhists who are only 0. 43 and 0. 41 percent of the population respectively (1991 census). A prominent Hindu writer S. Harrison admits that the dominant note in the Hindu attitude towards Muslim today is that, Hindus have a natural right to rule in modern India as a form of long overdue retribution for the sins of the Mughal overlords.It is not enough that unified state with a Hindu majority, clearly dominant over a Mu slim minority now reduced to 12 percent, has been established at long last in the Indian sub-continent. The fulfillment of Indian nationalism requires an assertion of Hindu hegemony over the Muslims of the subcontinent in one form or the other. They also have been subjected to the interference in their religion. It usually takes the form of insulting attacks on Islam made in school textbooks, or in the press, desecration of mosques and shrines, or deliberate incitement of feelings of religious hatred against the Muslims. In most of the Hindu dominated Indian states Hindu religious beliefs, philosophy and methodology have been introduced into the text books in the name of Indian culture,.This is to an extent that a glance through the officially prescribed school textbooks leaves an impression that those responsible for them regard India (a supposedly multi religious country) as the home of Brahmans and attach value only to their deities, temples, religious customs and practices. Cou ntless incidents can be cited of the desecration of mosques by the Hindu communists during the last few decades. The 16th century historic Babri mosque was razed to ground by thousands of Hindu fanatics in Ayodhya, (UP) on 16th Dec 1992 and the immense loss of human lives that followed was no secret. Conclusion The Two Nation Theory is still alive.Had there been no Two Nation Theory today, the issues like Kargil, nuclear arms race, and tension on the borders would have never risen. The basic conflict between India and Pakistani nation is still the same. Indians believe in nationality based on territory and therefore want to merge Pakistan back into India. While Pakistanis have been fighting for the last 52 years, to safeguard the Land which they got in the name of Islam. The Kashmir issue, if alive even after 52 years, in spite of India’s utmost effort to crush the lovers of freedom, is crystal clear proof of the reality of the Two Nation Theory. It should be understood that the creation of Pakistan was not the result of an accident but – it had a meaning.The meaning of Pakistan was not to have a separate homeland for the Muslims of Indo-Pakistan to have a better living; it was not to have industries or nuclear capability. The significance of the creation of the fortress of Islam was to give the Muslims of the Sub-Continent in particular and the Muslims of the world in general an idea of brotherhood. A brotherhood based on irrespective of color or creed. Pakistan wanted to have Unity among the Muslims from Morocco to Indonesia and to create a sense of spiritual vision that could be left and understand beyond this materialistic world in which man is fighting with man. The Muslim brotherhood has disagreements and the world is dominated by imperial powers and destined according to their

How to Convert Celsius to Kelvin

How to Convert Celsius to Kelvin Celsius and Kelvin are the two most important temperature scales for scientific measurements. Fortunately, its easy to convert between them because the two scales have the same size degree.  All that is needed to convert Celsius to Kelvin is one simple step. (Note its Celsius, not Celcius, a common mis-spelling.) Celsius To Kelvin Conversion Formula Take your Celsius temperature and add 273.15. K  °C 273.15Your answer will be in Kelvin. Remember, the Kelvin temperature scale does not use the degree ( °) symbol. The reason is because Kelvin is an absolute scale, based on absolute zero, while the zero on the Celsius scale is based on the properties of water. Also, measurements given in Kelvin will always be larger numbers than in Celsius. Celsius To Kelvin Conversion Examples For example, if you want to know what 20 °C is in Kelvin: K 20 273.15   293.15 K If you want to know what -25.7 °C is in Kelvin: K -25.7 273.15, which may be rewritten as: K 273.15 - 25.7 247.45 K More Temperature Conversion Examples Its just as easy to convert Kelvin into Celsius. Another important temperature scale is the Fahrenheit scale. If you use this scale, you should be familiar with how to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit and Kelvin to Fahrenheit.

Cryptography & Coding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Cryptography & Coding - Essay Example There are various factors involved in the security of a variety of software applications, ranging from protected commerce payments, personal communications as well as defending passwords. One fundamental way for safe communications is cryptography. Cryptography is presently the main information and data security technology. However it is significant to note that as cryptography is essential for safe communications, it is not by itself sufficient. This research presents a detailed analysis of the cryptography technology in terms of information and data safety. In this research I will present the comprehensive overview of the main security and privacy aspects those we need to assess during the implementation of any security policy. The technology of cryptography is very old but its utilization in the information technology sector was seen after the emergence of web based crimes. The research will spotlight on the main cryptographic technology, types, algorithms, application areas, main advantages, and some of the main technological scenarios. Introduction Data is the most important element of the firms for the reason that they heavily rely on this data to run and manage their business tasks. Basically, data can be defined â€Å"as the â€Å"group of unrefined facts representing events taking place in organizations or the physical environment prior to they have been structured and managed into a structure that people can identify and utilize and Information refers to data that have been transformed into a structure that is important and functional to human beings† (Laudon & Laudon, 1999, p.7; Norton, 2001, p.4). Without a doubt, both the data and information are believed to be the main assets of almost all the business organizations. In this scenario, it is essential for the business organizations to protect these assets from possible threats. According to (Laudon & Laudon, 1999, p. 502), â€Å"security is a set of rules, actions, and technical measures u sed to stop unlawful access or modification, robbery, and physical damage to the database. Privacy refers to the right of individuals and organizations to forbid or restrict the compilation and utilizations of information about them.† In the past, information privacy was uncomplicated to retain for the reason that information was kept in different locations. Each business had its own acknowledgment files. Each government agency kept detached records. Doctors kept their own patient files. On the other hand, at present, massive databases store this data online. A large amount of this data is private and secret and should be reachable only to approved users (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005, p. 591). In this situation the data security becomes a big challenge which demands implementation of effective methods. Cryptography provides useful techniques for security of data and information. Technology of Cryptography can be described as the science which deals with the processes of al teration of information or data into a scrambled code that can be decoded and sent all through a private or public network (Akdeniz, 1996; Kessler, 2009). Anonymity and Privacy In their research article (Martin, 2006) discuss that both the privacy and anonymity on the web are noteworthy because they are hard to attain. Online privacy concerns are in the news each day currently.

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Payroll Tax Software Evaluation-Intuit Quickbooks & Kronos Workforce Central - Assignment Example The features of QuickBooks Payroll program include basic reports, data import/export and online customer services. Correspondingly, some of the characteristics of Kronos Workforce Central comprise of payroll, appraisal performance, timesheet, HR management and multiple pay rates to name a few (IT Media Ltd, 2015). Both the products are downloadable online and are available in the market. QuickBooks Payroll is available in two versions that include Basic Payroll and Enhanced Payroll. The latest version of Kronos Workforce Central is the Workforce Central 7. In QuickBooks Payroll, the price of the Basic version is $20 while the enhanced version priced at $28 for each employee on a monthly basis. The function of the software is to provide businesses with accounting management solutions that include accounting, employee management, taxation and payroll management (ITQlick, 2015). The price of Kronos Workforce Central is identified to be based on the deployment option. The function of the software is to manage payroll, absence and time as well as attendance of the employees at workplace (ITQlick, 2015). Cloud computing is identified as a mechanism through which computing resources are stored with the use of internet (Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, 2010). In QuickBooks Payroll, the employers and the IT experts have access to store and retrieve data on the internet while for Kronos Workforce Central both employers and employees can store and retrieve data over the internet through computers and mobile devices (IT Media Ltd, 2015). It can be concluded that with the use of QuickBooks Payroll and Kronos Workforce Central, organizations are able to manage data and calculate payroll taxes effectively. Both the products are identified to be similar or different in certain features as well as

The Magnificent World of Coffee Essay Example for Free

The Magnificent World of Coffee Essay When you wake up in the morning and you do NOT feel like P. Diddy sometimes all you need is a big ole cup of coffee to jump-start your day. Coffee has gone by many different names, wakey juice, mud, plasma, go juice, jo, cuppa, the daily grind and brewtus. However, unlike the many names over the years, the feeling of the warm and welcoming liquids filling every inch of your body will always stand the test of time. Waking up can be the ultimate struggle. Just imagine a normal morning, lying in bed, dreading having to get up from the toasty little nest of pillows and blankets, eyes starting to close again†¦ drifting in and out of sleep: and then, the sweet aroma of fresh coffee beans being ground up make their way around the house, leaving neither room nor corner untouched by its delicious essence. Coffee can drive even the sleepiest bear out of slumber purely by its intoxicating scent. But nothing can compare to that first sip. How the hot liquid tickles the tongue, and slides down the throat, making sure to send shock waves everywhere, finally exploding throughout the body. Squinting through barely opened eyes, the sight of the richly dark contents pouring from the pot to the mug sends shocks throughout your body. Raising the mug up, eyes tightly closed, the smell travels up the nose. The strong scent immediately opens the senses and gets the blood running. The first sip does not disappoint. As expected, the hot liquid tickles the tongue, slides down the throat, making sure to send shock waves everywhere, and finally explodes throughout the body. The world has come alive. Most coffee beans come from Latin America, Southeast Asia, Africa and South Asia. With only seventy countries in total harvesting coffee beans around the world, it has become the most traded good, agriculturally speaking. This just goes to show how necessary coffee is in daily life. In fact, coffee is the most-consumed beverage worldwide. Just in America alone there are 100 million people who have had a cup of coffee this morning, 68% having their first cup within the first hour of being awake. Whether the coffee is homemade or bought from Starbucks, all coffee enthusiasts agree that they need that jump-start in the morning. Now imagine waking up, lying in bed all cozied up in a little nest of pillows and blankets, but something is†¦ off. Crawling out of bed, feet dragging, lumbering like a zombie towards the kitchen: but wait, where is the delicious aroma of that highly anticipated and routinely drunk morning coffee? Where is the divine sound of the coffee beans being ground up as the pot fills to the brim with that hot liquid that tickles the tongue, and slides down the throat, making sure to send shock waves everywhere, where it finally explodes throughout the body? The day, officially ruined, creates the tragic world that is without coffee. To the hundreds of millions of coffee drinkers, it is not just a drink that wakes them up: but a tradition, a way of life, a gateway into adulthood. No matter what the first cup of coffee was, no matter what it was called, no matter where it was from, no matter whether it was enjoyed or not, everyone will always remember what the first sip was like.

Dual Perspectives of Driving a Car Essay -- Personal Narrative

Dual Perspectives of Driving a Car Do you remember when you were little and you could not wait until you hit sixteen so you could go and get your driving permit? I remember waiting until that special day so I could go down to the DMV to take my test to get my drivers permit. My stomach had butterflies floating all around inside it. I remembered they called my name, and then I had to go up to the front and take a test. I went and turned in the test, and was so nervously watching to see how many red checks they would make on my test. As I had my eyes glued to checker’s hand, with the red, felt tip pen interlaced in between her fingers, I anxiously awaited her telling me that I passed. After leading me on a nervous roller coaster ride, she looked up and told me that I did indeed pass the test. I suddenly got the chills throughout my body to know that I am legal to drive on the roads, of course with somebody else in the car. After a few months of driving with one of my parents in the car, it was now time for me to go and take the big test. Once again I got that nervous, sick feeling in my stomach. I had gotten to the DMV and it was my turn to go get into the car with somebody I had never met before in my life and who was going to put the check mark next to pass or fail. I was so scared and kept thinking can I just bribe her to let me pass the test without actually having to do it, but of course the answer to that question was no. So after completing a dr...

Yawning: Anthropology and Healthy Functional Person

Ryan Casey Anthropology in the News Contagious Yawning Contagious yawning is something you can’t control. Infants after 11 weeks after birth start yawning and study’s say that around the age of four, children start to develop â€Å"contagious yawning†. Doctors use this to see if the child has a disorder such as autism. What the doctors would do is see if the child response to someone else’s yawn. If the child does respond then they would know if the child’s brain is functioning right. This is a good way for doctors of even parents to pick up if there kid has something wrong.The contagious yawning theory would be part of the social and cultural subfield of anthropology. Contagious yawning would represent social anthropology because it shows the way in which the body works and how it response to certain moves and actions that other people makes. Also, it would prove to be in the cultural subfield because it shows a pattern in the human body. Humans ar e not the only species that yawn. Study’s shown that all vertebrates yawn such as snakes and lizards. But only humans, chimpanzees and sometimes dogs had shown that they respond to other people yawning, known as contagious yawning.People have been yawning for as long as humans have been around. This shows that yawing and contagious yawning is in the human culture, and a sign of social bonding. Contagious yawning would be more proven in human biology because it is a reaction of the body when the brain recognize someone else yawn, it sets off a trigger in your brain that makes someone looking at someone yawning also yawn. Anthropology provides vital knowledge and information in this case of contagious yawning.This is shown in the story when they mention how the body develops overtime and when young infants at an early age of four show signs of contagious yawning. Also, it tells us how some primates and all vertebrates also devolve the theory contagious yawning. Contagious yawni ng is a shown is something that a healthy functional person cannot control. It is shown in the social and cultural subfields of anthropology and shows facts to support human culture, human biology and human history. Anthropology provides facts and knowledge about contagious yawning.

Close Relationships Essay

I never have been a very good communicator, be it family, friends or strangers. After reading the article â€Å"Close Relationships Sometimes Mask Poor Communication† it really hit home for me. My husband and I have poor communication skills. We have been together for the past six years, and we still have a problem commutating. He likes to take over the conversation, or cut me off when we are talking. I feel at times that he is talking at , not to me, or he is making me feel like I don’t have a clue on what it going on. He has at times actually told me that I just don’t know as much as he does, therefore his ideas and suggestions should be followed, and not questioned. This has honestly caused a huge amount of arguments and constant disagreements. My lifestyle is so busy I communicate and think very quickly and a lot of the time I guess I expect people to know what I mean without fully explaining it. In my observation over time, people seem to communicate better with strangers than they do with family members. I feel that when communicating with strangers one tends to give more detail, because you never know how a stranger will understand what you are trying to communicate. â€Å"People commonly believe that they communicate better with close friends than with strangers. That closeness can lead people to overestimate how well they communicate, a phenomenon we term the ‘closeness-communication bias,’ (Keysar, 2011) I found this sentence very interesting. A wife who says to her husband, ‘it’s getting hot in here,’ as a hint for her husband to turn up the air conditioning a notch, may be surprised when he interprets her statement as a coy, amorous advance instead,† (Savitsky 2011). It has become very clear to me that even though I may communicate something to my husband, at times when he doesn’t seem to understand, I get frustrated, I plan to try a lot of the communication tools I have learned in this class to try and help clean up my communications with my friends, family and co-workers. â€Å"Our problem in communicating with riends and spouses is that we have an illusion of insight. Getting close to someone appears to create the illusion of understanding more than actual understanding, (Epley, 2011)†. I actually had this situation happen to me last weekend. My husband and I were working in the yard, he was fixing a sprinkler wire, and I was replacing sprinkler heads and drip lines. We were both doing our own things while still working in the yard. I thought everything was going great, then out of now where, my husband says, that I don’t appreciate the effort he is putting into helping â€Å"Me† in the yard. I was completely blown away. I said in a defensive tone, that I didn’t know I had to tell him thank you every time he does stuff around the house. I went on to say that it is his house to, so why do I always have to thank him, or ask him to do things to help out around the house. I know that I could have handled this situation differently; however it really gets tiresome to always have to tell him I appreciate every single little task that he completes. I had another situation between my husband and myself over the weekend. I was talking with him about hanging up our American flag, I asked him if he knew where my curtain rod went, I explained to him the one I was looking for, he finds this small rod and says that he wanted to use that one, I told him I already had plans for that rod, and the one I was looking for was perfect. He continued to take the rod that I did not want to use and put the flag on it, and they tried to hang it up. He kept telling me to just come and look at it. So after telling him for the 7th time that I didn’t want to use that rod, I went to look at it. It was too small and would not hang correctly, I told him that again, and he got pissed off at me, and told me to never ask him to help me do anything ever again†¦ I was pissed that he wouldn’t listen to me; it is always his way or no way. When this happens, it is very easy to become angry with my spouse because we expected them to understand what we meant or said, to listen and try to understand. As couples, we want to believe that we are on the same page all the time because we are so close. Whether we are face to face, back to back, in another room, or on the phone with each other, misunderstandings can and will happen without further questioning from the other spouse. When something is said, it is the other spouse’s responsibility to make sure they are clear in what they are hearing. Without this tactic, there will be misinterpretations between the spouses. This creates unhealthy communication between the spouses. My spouse it not a good family man, he prefers to do what he wants, when he want too. This tends to be a huge problem for our relationship. When my spouse gets mad at me for not listening to him, he starts making threats, like I mentioned earlier, don’t ever ask him to help again, etc†¦ So, I stop including him in those things, then he starts going through all kinds of changes because of it. He would say, I support you in anything you do. Then he would vent like crazy about our life not being the same anymore. Your self-image, in turn, results in your level of self-esteem, the beliefs and feelings you have about yourself. Self-esteem has two primary components: a sense of self-efficacy or your personal effectiveness and a sense of your personal worth and self-respect. However, your self-concept, self-image, and self-esteem are not destiny. You can also enhance your self-esteem through affirmations and positive self-talk, (Sole, 2011). You can build your self-image and your self-esteem by successful experiences. Your successes create self-confidence, which enables you to take on new challenges and continue to increase your self-esteem in an upward spiral of success. It is critical that one learns to communicate accurately; it will help all your relationships become stronger and be successful.

World Food Shortage essays

World Food Shortage essays We Can Solve the World Food Shortage Problem in Our Lifetime. Most of us college students dont have to worry about hunger too much but the fact is hunger is a big problem in the world today. One person in every five is chronically hungry and 35,000 people die everyday of hunger. The worst earthquake in modern historyin China in 1976killed 242,000 people. Hunger kills that many people every seven days(1. Praeger). Many reasons cause hunger such as transportation, population growth and land shortage. There are also many possible solutions to these problems. The world has a limited supply of irritable land in which to produce food. If the irritable land was distributed to everyone in the world equally, everyone would only get a football field sized portion of land (2. video notes). Better irrigation methods could control this problem. A lot of countries are also producing the most out of their land with new technologies. However poor countries dont have the technology to increase production. Advancements in plant genetics have also reached its peak so the most productive countries are producing as much as they can. Today we produce about enough food to feed everyone. The problem is distributing the food evenly. The U.S. and Canada have up to half of the food in the world (3. Lecture notes). All the extra food cant be given out because needy countries dont have well enough transportation to bring the food to the people. Storage is a problem because the food often spoils before it can even reaches the hungry mouths. Fixing the transportation problem in these countries could end the hunger. Increasing population growth is a huge problem. Population is grower faster then food can be produced to feed them. Agriculture, better health care and religion have all contributed to the increase in world population. It is estimated the population growth is 100 million people each...

7 Signs of Trouble at Home Teachers Should Know

7 Signs of Trouble at Home Teachers Should Know As teachers, we arent only in charge of our students homework assignments and spelling tests. We also need to be aware of the signs of possible trouble at home. Our vigilance and responsible action help our young students be happy and healthy both at home and in the classroom. It can feel uncomfortable to bring up touchy subjects with a students parents. But as responsible adults in our students lives, it is part of our duty to look out for their best interests and help them live up to their full potential. Sleeping at School Sleep is exceedingly important to the health and well-being of young children. Without it, they cant concentrate or perform to the best of their abilities. If you notice a student regularly catching up on sleep during school hours, consider talking to the school nurse for help in formulating a plan of action in conjunction with the parents. Sudden Change in Behavior Just like with adults, an abrupt change in behavior usually signals a cause for concern. As teachers, we get to know our students very well. Keep an eye out for sudden changes in behavior patterns and work quality. If a formerly responsible student completely stops bringing his or her homework, you may want to broach the subject with the students parents. Working as a team, you can enlist their support and implement strategies to get the student back on track. Lack of Cleanliness If a student shows up at school in dirty clothes or with substandard personal hygiene, this can be a sign of neglect at home. Again, the school nurse may be able to support you in addressing this concern with the students guardians. Not only is dirtiness a health issue, but it can also cause isolation and teasing from classmates if its readily noticeable. Ultimately, this can contribute to loneliness and depression. Visible Signs of Injury As mandated reporters in some states, teachers can be legally required to report any suspected child abuse. There is nothing more important (and morally imperative) than saving a helpless child from harm. If you see bruises, cuts, or other signs of injury, dont hesitate to follow your states procedures for reporting suspected abuse. Lack of Preparedness Observant teachers can notice the outward signs of neglect at home. These signs can come in many forms. If a student mentions not eating breakfast each day, or you notice the student doesnt have lunch (or money to buy lunch), you may need to step in as an advocate for the child. Alternatively, if a student doesnt have basic school supplies, make arrangements to provide them, if at all possible. Small children are at the mercy of adults at home. If you notice a gap in care, you may need to step in and help make it right. Inappropriate or Inadequate Clothes Be on the lookout for students who wear the same outfit virtually every day. Similarly, watch out for students who wear summer clothes in the winter and/or lack a proper winter coat. Worn-out or too-small shoes may be additional signs that something isnt right at home. If the parents arent able to provide appropriate clothing, you may be able to work with a local church or charity to get the student what he or she needs. Mentions of Neglect or Abuse This is the most obvious and clear sign that something is wrong (or maybe even dangerous) at home. If a student mentions being home alone at night or getting hit by an adult, this is definitely something to investigate. Again, you should report these comments to a child protective services agency in a timely manner. It is not your job to determine the veracity of such statements. Rather, the relevant government agency can investigate according to ​its  procedure and figure out whats really going on.

O2 environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

O2 environment - Essay Example This means that Telefà ³nica has to major in various aspects that will see it grow (Matsumoto, Umeda, Masui and Fukushige 2012:57). O2 understands the impact that customer needs have on the growth and success of the company. Over the past five years, the company has been looking for different ways of building resilience in the provision of critical national infrastructure in accordance with the ISO 22301 guidelines (Kelion 2013). The important aspect, as noted by the company is to work on safeguarding the interests of the customers by establishing strong staff welfare policies. This assures them that the employees are satisfied and can serve the clients with confidence. They have established mechanisms to assist in the faster recovery of any critical disruptions that affect clients wherever they are. This allows the company to maintain a good rapport with the employees and clients as much as possible. Further, it increases customer confidence and reassures them of its zeal towards the realisation of successful operations (Matsumoto, Umeda, Masui and Fukushige 2012:57). The company is also working hard to ensure that shareholders recognise the business’s resiliency in the highly competitive market. The industry is quite competitive and they wanted to have as many investors in their corner. They have changed their strategies to accommodate the different shareholder attributes that will in turn increase the profits the company needs most (Kelion 2013). To deal with the competitors, the company has made good use of its strategic position within the UK to serve its more than 23 million customers. The 3G network is one of its unique selling points in the UK that has added 84% of the UK population to its list of customers. It has been able to work on different technology versions that have made it easy to supply the customers with faster 3G speeds (O2 2015). This

HP Case Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HP Case Paper - Essay Example HP also laid emphasis on differentiation, constant change, and creating a brand family, as well as offering additional services and accessories. For price, HP has introduced a wide range of competitive pricing based on the differentiation of products. This has seen an increased margin for retailers and wholesalers through the bundling of accessories and services (Kotler 394). For the promotion element of the marketing mix, HP, over the years, has focused more on the creation of a brand identity on the company and products. Thus, they changed their strategy to pull based from push based, with greater spending implemented on sales promotion and advertising (Kotler 391). Finally, for the place element, HP has begun to offer better terms of payment, as well as bigger quantity on discounts for the dealers. Because of the improved relationship with the dealers, HP has increased its number of full time retailers to 750 from 350, as well as stocking additional 1050 dealers for a portion of t heir line. Discuss two concepts covered in the chapter that best relate to this case and how? Social marketing is the adoption and adaptation of processes, institutions and commercial marketing activities as a way to induce behavioral change among the target market on a permanent or temporary basis in order to achieve its social goal (Kotler 395). It involves the induction of an approach of leadership, which involves deliberate use of persuasion and influence to move the target market to a course of action that is more specific. For the social marketing concept, the company should consider the long-term interests of the society and consider the needs and wants of the customers. HP has given its commitment aimed at drastically cutting down their impact on the environment. HP has managed the impact of its energy needs via the calculation of GHG emissions, which their daily operations produce through their use of electricity and by their daily operations. The selling concept is the not ion that the customer will not buy something automatically but, rather, it needs to be sold to them (Kotler 396). This means that a persuasive sales assistant or advert that tells the customer of the ways the product will alter their lives, which could make them buy a product that they do not desire. The consumer will not purchase enough products from the organization until they undertake promotional selling. Consumers are inert and require goading to buy through conversion of their inert need to a purchasing motive via selling and persuasive action. Hp understands the wants and needs of the customer and, therefore, customers will not purchase their products unless they are promoted and sold. Hence, HP has placed increased focus on the creation of sales transactions by conducting regular promotions, which are aimed at attracting customers, as well as increasing the truncation of sales. Which of the sales force structures described in the text best describes HP’s structure? HP utilizes a separated consumer sales force as its sales force structure. In decentralized organizations, field sales managers carry out the everyday operations of the organization, as well as shouldering responsibility for their sales staff performance (Kotler 392). The sales force also consists of a mixture of specialist generalist salespersons. However, the employees do not make all of the company’s sales; the company’s sales force structure utilizes home-based telemarketers. They also have independent sales agents on contract who conduct their sales in particular geographic areas. What are the positive and negative aspects of HP’s new sales force struc

Speculating about causes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Speculating about causes - Essay Example Employees may get retrenched for example when a firm no longer needs the services of the employees or if the company itself shuts down its operations. It is usually not easy to find to find an appropriate job immediately after being laid off. A company would not desire to appoint somebody recently laid off for bad reasons such as failure to do a good job, absence from work, theft or drunkenness in work. It makes someone sacked to find alternative employment immediately. In some cases, the economy of a country might be undergoing turmoil making job hunting difficult. Other individuals are unable to get employed because they lack the required level of qualification and experience for a particular job. Some organizations will not hire someone without getting a good reference and remark concerning the prospective employee. Employers all the time appoint the best-qualified individuals for its vacant positions available. Many individuals are in no position to come across jobs because they are disabled or have health issues. For example, if one gets injured in an accident or gets ill for a prolonged time the person may be unable to do work hence remain jobless (Greenhalgh 103) . Each act comes with an outcome. However, the effects and causes and of joblessness are very powerful the life of the affected individuals. For instance, an employee lacking the suitable and appropriate skills required for a task will get retrenched or fired from a company. An individual may be jobless or get sacked from their job when a company wishes to cut on its budget. Similarly, in a case where there are plenty of workforces but not enough work to match them, their number will be reduced to ensure the company does not waste resources. On the other hand, if there is an abundance of jobs, but the employees lack the correct experience or skills to work then the their replaced will occur. Job losses are beginning to rise steadily, and